2
   2021
   
  
[    (       ) |
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
2. 73
 74
               ,  
        
 -
3.                
4. 74    , 1992          ,
        
 -
5.                    
        ?
2
6.                  
     
-
7.                  
8.                    
   '   
   2021
   
  
[    (       ) |
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           
:       
 - :       
2
             , ,  ,
,   ,  ,           ,  
 '  ,     ,      ,
         
   -     
 ?       ?    
     
  ?
    ?   ?   
     
  ,               
    -              


     ? ()
  ,          -        
 ,           
        ,   ,  ,   ,   
              :
  (  ),
  (  ),
 ( )
                  ,  
            :
  ,
- ,
,
 ,
 ,
  ,
    , 
 ,            '    
   
2
       
? ()
             '    , 
             ?   
 ?     ?
  
               ,
     ,       
           
:
1.            
           ,     
              
     
           
,     ,      
2.    '   
             
   
  '       
,     :
    ,
   ,
 
            
3.      
        -          
 -            ,  
!
    
        
      -          ,  -
    
2
4.          
              
         
  ,       ,     '  ,
                
  
5.        '   

       , , ,     
                , 
    
               
      '       
6.    
         , , ,
 ,      '    
           
       
 ,             
 :
73
   (1992):         
 
74
   (1992):        

        :
    '  ,
     '  ,
      
    '           
2
       
     ,         :
1.     : ,         

2.    :         
  
 
3.     :   ,        
4.     :          
,     

5.    :          
 ,     
  :       
     ,    :
     ,
   
  ,
     ,
     ,
 (-)       
     ,           
   ,    ,         

 :    ,     
 ,           
 -    
               
    :          ,   
-  -     ,            
2
        ,       ,   
 ,         -        
          ,     ,
     
2. 73
 74
               ,  
        
:    
            
  ,
  - -  ,   -   ,   
  '   ,       ,     
      ,     -       ?
       ?         ?

    -           -   
   '              
 
  ,    ""       
 
         '  : 73

74

                  
,       
󷊀󷊁󷊂󷊃73
   (1992):        
1992  ,      (   -)  ,   
    ,       '   
   , 1992  73
     24  1993   
     (PRIs) -      -   
󷃆󼽢73      :
1. -     
      -   :
  ( )
  (/ )
  ( )
2
          (     20   
   ,   -  )
2.  5        
,             73
                

3.   '        
          :
          
 - - 33%  (        50%  )
      ,         
4.        
  11
           29   
  ,  :
 
  




             
5.        
        ,      5  
      
     '       
2
6.    -   
         -          
 ,   '          
    '  
  
     ,        
...
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃74
   (1992):        
     ,         
,      , 74  1992     1  1993
 
            (ULBs)
  
󷃆󼽢74      :
1.             
   ',        :
  -        
  -    
  -    
        
2.  5        
 ,      5       
     ,   6      
3.   ,          
            :
2
    / 
 - - 33%  (    50%  )
     
4.       18  
   
12
  ,       18 
  ,  :
 
  
 
  
  
 
-  
   
       
5.    
       '       (SEC) , 
            
6.   
3      ,         '
       
7.         
  ,              

2
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷: 73  74    

73
 ()
74
 ()
   
1992
1992
 
1993 (24 )
1993 (1 )
 

 

3-
   ' 3 

 /
/ (33%)
 /
/ (33%)
 
 5  
 5  
- 

11 (29 )
12
(18 )
 
-
-
 
  
  
󹱑󹱒  
73
 74
           '
,             

,                ,
          '    
   -   ,    ,    
  
        -    - -       
      
2
 -
3.                
:     :        
  ...

-                , 
         ,        
 ,                 
,          
 
               
 ?
    (ULG)    -       
      ? (   )
            -  

 ,     (    )    
   - ,   , , - ,  , 
,       
  , ULG       -     , 
      
  :
            :
"    -   ,    '   
   ,            
    "
     
 ?
   5000           -    - 
      ,      ?
    -         
  
     ? 
        - 
  ,         
2
         
 :
  ' 
    
    
    
           
      

      ,  
            
  ,           ,
  ,   -   - ,    
  : 74     (1992)
1992 ,   74     ,     (ULBs)
       
     :
 
   ' 

           
        ' -       
1.   ( )
, ,     
    
      
2.    (   )
      
      
2
  '   
3.    
       
       
         :
  
  
  (  )
 
             |
1.   
       
     
     ,         
 
2.    
       ,     ,    
 
   
         
3.       
         :
  

 - 
  
,     
    
4.    
   ,     
   :
2
 
 
  
 
/   
      -   ()     
5.      
    
 ,       , 
 
 ,         -  
      
 
6.   
          :
 
   
 
 
        '   
7.     
 ULGs                  
 :
- 
 
  
   
          
 
        
  ULG  ,             :
2
1.     
  ...           '  
  
2.      
             
    
3.    
 ,           ,    
   
4.     
  ,   ULGs          
5.         
""   ,       
    
   


  : ULGs   
 ,      ,      
        :
 :   '       
  :    
 :    
      :    

            ,  
           ,        
  -       
     ,      , 
           
 -      
    
2
4. 74    , 1992          ,
        
:           (74    , 1992 
   )
   
, ,        
-
,   ,   ,        
                  ?
  
 -    (        )    
,     
      ,   ,      
       : 1992  74      
             , 
    '  
󷅤󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷅼󷅘󷅽󷅾󷅿󷅙󷆀󷅚󷅻    ?
   -        (  ' 10  
  )                
  -   
  -  -  , ,        
         
 ,     
 74     
󹲣󼩪󼩫󼩬󼩭󼩲󼩳󼩮󼩯󼩰󼩱   
74
             ,  
     :
1.    ()
 -          
        
  ,   '  5 

      
2.    
       
2
     '    ()    
 ,       ,     
    
3.   
       
          
              
  
4.      
-  , , ,      
 
      
 
󺫦󺫤󺫥󺫧   
             
 
    12
 (74
 
 ) 18    
             :
1.     
,             
2.   - 
  ,    ,       
3.       
   ,     ,  -  

4.    
    
        
5.   
          -
 
2
6.      
 , ,      -
7.      
            (  
 )
8.   
          
9.     
   ,      
10. 
       
11.    
, , -         
12.    
          
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹     (   74    )
,        
,   74   
󷃆󼽢1.  
1992  ,         
74
           
    
  ,    - 
󷃆󼽢2.      
    '       
  -             
2
󷃆󼽢3.     
       ,    ,  
     '    
󷃆󼽢4.      
     '       
          
󷃆󼽢5.      
  '            
        
󹺊    
       
 ,      
  :
    :     '     
    :       
 
   :        
    :           
  :   -  '  
 
󷅤󷨉󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷨊󷅘󷨋󷨌󷨍󷅙󷨎󷅚󷆃     :  
  ,   10   ,      :
         
-    - 
 , , ,   -       
  ,      74
  ,   
  
 
2
󽄡󽄢󽄣󽄤󽄥󽄦 :       
74   , 1992,          
  ,            ,
       
    -        -        
 , , , , ,          
      , " ,    "   
     
 
  
       ,    
,
  -      
 -
5.                    
        ?
:              :    
               - 
    '      ,    
,    ,    ,      -
        ,        
 ,  ,   ,         
        
 ?     - 
       ,         
   -      
,         ,      ,    

        
            :
1.    (ULGs) -     (MCs),    
  
2.    (RLGs) -      (PRIs)   
,       
2
      ,       
          ,      
   
 ?
    
1.    
         
()       :
 :    ' 
    
  
 
  
    
    (  , )  
()       :
  (     
)
 ,     
 ,     
     (    , )
               

2.           
         -      :
   (SFC)    :
   , SFC            
     
     (      ):
o   
2
o  (     )
o   
o PMAY (  )
             ,  
      
3.    ( )    
   (15   )   '        
         
  :
    ,      '   
        :
o  
o   (, ,  )
,           ,  
        
4.     
  (    )    
    :
  

  (      )
     -   (PPP)
              ' 
 
      ?
      
      :
1.  ,  :
o          ,   
       ...    
2.    '  :
2
o 60%    /   
 ,      '
      
3.     :
o  ,       
4.           :
o     ,        
           

      :
1.    :
o        ₹1    
      
!
2.    :
o          "  
"  
   '   ""   
3.     :
o            
       
4.    :
o            
,       
 :   
   

    ', 
  '          
     

     
    '     
           
             
 
2
  :    ?
1.        
o            
o    (  )  
o     
2.        
o            
    
3.       
o      ,   -
     
4.       
o         
    
5.     
o   ,         
       
6. -      
o   ,  - ,  ,   
     
  
                 
 -     '         ,   
    
              - 
    -     '   
      
2
6.    
                 
 
:              :    
    '  
   
          ,   
' 
  ,    
,        
           ,    
, 
    
      
?
      -        - 
  
          , , , 
         '  
,      ',       
                 '
              
         
   ,              
               -  
                 
    
               
󷅤󷅔󷅥󷅦󷅗󷅼󷅘󷅽󷅾󷅿󷅙󷆀󷅚󷅻      
    ,          
73
 74
     ,              
    (SFC)          :
1.           
2.             
3.           
                 
'         
2
󼪺󼪻        
1.       
              
  (  )           
      ,         
         
  ,            (NSOR)  4% 
6%           ,   :
40%    (ULBs)    ,    
  
60%  ,         
(RLBs)  
  ,        '  
2.             
              
 '             
 
    
 
 ,      :
   ,  ,     
     
            
 
           
    
     '     '   
3.       
 ,           ,    
        
2
    :
         ,   '   
               
  
   
4.       
              
       ,  ,       
    

 ,    :
            

            
  
           
5.    -  
          ,     
   :
            

          
            
  
           
6.         
            ,  
-          
 ,          -    
   :
2
     -
    
   
 
   
              

7.       
                 :
               
 
        '     
  
                 
    
8.          
          ,    
 :
           
        , ,     
          '    
󼨻󼨼 :         
       
 -  , -  
              :
   ,       
 ,    -       
2
     ,     ' 

   -       ,     
  ,             
  
    '       '  
-
7.                  
:   
          ,  
   ,              
     ,    
,     
      ,        -  
       
      :          
   ,             ?
     ,     ,      
 ,      '          
        
  -         :
1.   -      
2.   - -     
3.   -   /   '    
             :
      (       - ...):
o   ( )
o   ( )
o   ( )
      (ULBs):
2
o   (  )
o   (  )
o   (   )
      '      ,   
      '     
       
?
             
       -       , 
         ?
  ',         , 73
 74

 (1992)  ,           
   ,       
,        '   ,     
         
  :     ?
           ,   
   :
1.  
       
   '     :
   
   
  
         
,       

 -        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :         ,      
  ,    
2.  
     ,         
   
2
          
          
         
        '       
3.       
            ,  
          
 
       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 :   ,   - "  "
   ,            
4.    
   ,       '   
  
    '     ,       
         
             
  -          
  
      
     '               
󷃆󼽢       :
1.   :           
2.   :  '       
3.   :  
        
  
4.    :        
󽅂       :
1.      :       
     '  
 
2
2.   :        
3.     :          
    
4.    :        
 '    
       
         ,    :
1.    
          
         (    )
2.  
        
         
3.   
  ,        
       
4.      
      -  
     '      

  ',     " " ,     
       ,        
                , 
      ,     ,   
    
        ,      
 '         ,    
          ?
2
8.                    
   '   
:      :    
    ,       ,     
 
              
,    ,             
 ,            
    ,     ,    (..)
 ..       ,    
        ,   ,    
    :        
  -     ,       
           
1.  :           ?
     ,            
.      (       - ...)
   '       :   (),
  (),    ()
      , ,      
 
 73
  (1992)     ,    
 
.   
      ,      
 (IAS )  
  , ,      ,   
     
            
,    '          ,  
  
2
2.    :  
 ?
  - ,         '     
        
A.   
   
   
   ,  ,
 ,      ,       
   
 :       ,       
     ()      
B.    
      
         
         
    
  
C.     
     '        

 
 ,     -        
   ,            
.      
     ,      
       
3.    :     ?
 ,    
        
    ,     , ,      
A.        
  ,     .          
      ,           
        
       : "         ?
   ?"
2
B.   
       
      
,         ,     -
 
              
 ,       
 
   '    
C.    
  
     ,        ,  
  
-           
      
D.    
   ,            
                
    
E.     
,         
  
 ,   
 ,        
  
4.         ?
          ,  ,
    '     
A.     
      -       
  
.    
     ,        
      
  
"      "        
2
C.       
       '       
          
.     
   (),       
          
.     
 ,  ,         ' 
     
5.  :        
            -   ,
     
      
 ,       
 
           ,   
,      
  , ,   ,         , 
       
"                  

          ,           "